Roblox systems scripter.
Luau, Discord bots,
economies that scale.

Distance, angle, rate-limit, and position-mismatch checks for a melee combat system — the kind of pattern used in the Last Dance combat rewrite.

-- CombatValidator.lua
-- Server-authoritative hit validation for a melee/ranged combat system.
-- Rejects client-reported hits that fail distance, angle, or rate checks.

local RunService = game:GetService("RunService")

local CombatValidator = {}
CombatValidator.__index = CombatValidator

local MAX_HIT_DISTANCE = 12
local MAX_ANGLE_DEGREES = 65
local MIN_HIT_INTERVAL = 0.35 -- seconds, matches weapon swing cooldown

local lastHitTimestamps = {} -- [player.UserId] = os.clock()

function CombatValidator.new(config)
	local self = setmetatable({}, CombatValidator)
	self.hitboxPadding = config.hitboxPadding or 1.5
	return self
end

function CombatValidator:IsRateLimited(attacker)
	local last = lastHitTimestamps[attacker.UserId]
	if last and (os.clock() - last) < MIN_HIT_INTERVAL then
		return true
	end
	lastHitTimestamps[attacker.UserId] = os.clock()
	return false
end

function CombatValidator:ValidateHit(attacker, target, reportedHitPosition)
	local attackerRoot = attacker.Character and attacker.Character:FindFirstChild("HumanoidRootPart")
	local targetRoot = target.Character and target.Character:FindFirstChild("HumanoidRootPart")

	if not attackerRoot or not targetRoot then
		return false, "MissingCharacter"
	end

	if self:IsRateLimited(attacker) then
		return false, "RateLimited"
	end

	local distance = (targetRoot.Position - attackerRoot.Position).Magnitude
	if distance > MAX_HIT_DISTANCE + self.hitboxPadding then
		return false, "OutOfRange"
	end

	local toTarget = (targetRoot.Position - attackerRoot.Position).Unit
	local facing = attackerRoot.CFrame.LookVector
	local angle = math.deg(math.acos(math.clamp(facing:Dot(toTarget), -1, 1)))
	if angle > MAX_ANGLE_DEGREES then
		return false, "BadAngle"
	end

	-- Sanity-check the client-reported hit position against the target's
	-- actual position, catching spoofed RemoteEvent payloads.
	local reportedDelta = (reportedHitPosition - targetRoot.Position).Magnitude
	if reportedDelta > self.hitboxPadding * 2 then
		return false, "PositionMismatch"
	end

	return true
end

return CombatValidator

Mantissa/exponent number type for incremental games — keeps precision past 1e300+ and formats for display, same approach used in Alien Incremental's economy.

-- BigNumber.lua
-- Compact arbitrary-scale number type for idle/incremental economies.
-- Stores values as {mantissa, exponent} to stay accurate past 1e300+
-- without floating point precision loss, and formats for display.

local BigNumber = {}
BigNumber.__index = BigNumber

local SUFFIXES = { "K", "M", "B", "T", "Qa", "Qi", "Sx", "Sp", "Oc", "No" }

local function normalize(mantissa, exponent)
	while mantissa >= 10 do
		mantissa /= 10
		exponent += 1
	end
	while mantissa < 1 and mantissa > 0 do
		mantissa *= 10
		exponent -= 1
	end
	return mantissa, exponent
end

function BigNumber.new(value)
	local mantissa, exponent = normalize(value, 0)
	return setmetatable({ mantissa = mantissa, exponent = exponent }, BigNumber)
end

function BigNumber.__add(a, b)
	local diff = a.exponent - b.exponent
	if math.abs(diff) > 15 then
		return diff > 0 and a or b -- smaller value is negligible at this scale
	end
	local mantissa = a.mantissa + b.mantissa * (10 ^ -diff)
	local m, e = normalize(mantissa, a.exponent)
	return setmetatable({ mantissa = m, exponent = e }, BigNumber)
end

function BigNumber.__lt(a, b)
	if a.exponent ~= b.exponent then
		return a.exponent < b.exponent
	end
	return a.mantissa < b.mantissa
end

function BigNumber:ToString(decimals)
	decimals = decimals or 2
	if self.exponent < 3 then
		return string.format("%." .. decimals .. "f", self.mantissa * 10 ^ self.exponent)
	end

	local suffixIndex = math.floor((self.exponent - 3) / 3) + 1
	local suffix = SUFFIXES[suffixIndex] or ("e" .. self.exponent)
	local shortMantissa = self.mantissa * 10 ^ ((self.exponent - 3) % 3)
	return string.format("%." .. decimals .. "f%s", shortMantissa, suffix)
end

return BigNumber

Prevents double-claiming support tickets, with an auto-release on timeout — part of the ARK community moderation bot's ticket cog.

# ticket_claims.py
# Admin claim system for the ARK ticket bot — prevents two staff members
# from double-claiming the same ticket, with an auto-release on timeout.

import discord
from discord.ext import commands, tasks
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

CLAIM_TIMEOUT_MINUTES = 30

class TicketClaims(commands.Cog):
    def __init__(self, bot):
        self.bot = bot
        self.active_claims: dict[int, dict] = {}  # channel_id -> {staff_id, claimed_at}
        self.release_stale_claims.start()

    def cog_unload(self):
        self.release_stale_claims.cancel()

    @commands.hybrid_command(name="claim", description="Claim this support ticket")
    async def claim(self, ctx: commands.Context):
        channel_id = ctx.channel.id
        existing = self.active_claims.get(channel_id)

        if existing and existing["staff_id"] != ctx.author.id:
            claimer = ctx.guild.get_member(existing["staff_id"])
            await ctx.send(
                f"This ticket is already claimed by {claimer.mention if claimer else 'another staff member'}.",
                ephemeral=True,
            )
            return

        self.active_claims[channel_id] = {
            "staff_id": ctx.author.id,
            "claimed_at": datetime.utcnow(),
        }
        await ctx.channel.edit(name=f"claimed-{ctx.channel.name.split('-', 1)[-1]}")
        await ctx.send(f"🎫 Claimed by {ctx.author.mention}.")

    @commands.hybrid_command(name="unclaim", description="Release your claim on this ticket")
    async def unclaim(self, ctx: commands.Context):
        existing = self.active_claims.get(ctx.channel.id)
        if not existing or existing["staff_id"] != ctx.author.id:
            await ctx.send("You haven't claimed this ticket.", ephemeral=True)
            return

        del self.active_claims[ctx.channel.id]
        await ctx.send(f"Ticket released by {ctx.author.mention}.")

    @tasks.loop(minutes=5)
    async def release_stale_claims(self):
        cutoff = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(minutes=CLAIM_TIMEOUT_MINUTES)
        stale = [cid for cid, data in self.active_claims.items() if data["claimed_at"] < cutoff]
        for channel_id in stale:
            del self.active_claims[channel_id]

async def setup(bot):
    await bot.add_cog(TicketClaims(bot))

Whitelists remote payload shapes, rate-limits requests per player, and flags speed/teleport anomalies — the anti-exploit layer that sits in front of gameplay logic.

-- ExploitGuard.lua
-- Server-side remote validation layer — sanity-checks every RemoteEvent
-- payload before it reaches gameplay logic, rejecting malformed or
-- speed-hacked client input.

local ExploitGuard = {}
ExploitGuard.__index = ExploitGuard

local MAX_WALKSPEED = 32
local TELEPORT_DISTANCE_THRESHOLD = 60 -- studs per heartbeat, flags fly/noclip
local requestLog = {} -- [player.UserId] = { count, windowStart }

function ExploitGuard.new(remoteWhitelist)
	local self = setmetatable({}, ExploitGuard)
	self.remoteWhitelist = remoteWhitelist -- table of { [remoteName] = expectedArgTypes }
	self.lastPosition = {}
	return self
end

function ExploitGuard:ValidatePayload(remoteName, player, ...)
	local expected = self.remoteWhitelist[remoteName]
	if not expected then
		return false, "UnknownRemote"
	end

	local args = { ... }
	if #args ~= #expected then
		return false, "ArgCountMismatch"
	end

	for i, expectedType in ipairs(expected) do
		if typeof(args[i]) ~= expectedType then
			return false, "ArgTypeMismatch:" .. i
		end
	end

	return self:CheckRateLimit(player, remoteName)
end

function ExploitGuard:CheckRateLimit(player, remoteName, limit, windowSeconds)
	limit = limit or 20
	windowSeconds = windowSeconds or 1

	local key = player.UserId .. ":" .. remoteName
	local entry = requestLog[key]
	local now = os.clock()

	if not entry or (now - entry.windowStart) > windowSeconds then
		requestLog[key] = { count = 1, windowStart = now }
		return true
	end

	entry.count += 1
	if entry.count > limit then
		return false, "RateLimitExceeded"
	end
	return true
end

function ExploitGuard:CheckMovementIntegrity(player)
	local character = player.Character
	local humanoid = character and character:FindFirstChildOfClass("Humanoid")
	local root = character and character:FindFirstChild("HumanoidRootPart")
	if not humanoid or not root then
		return true -- character not loaded, nothing to validate yet
	end

	if humanoid.WalkSpeed > MAX_WALKSPEED then
		return false, "SpeedModified"
	end

	local last = self.lastPosition[player.UserId]
	self.lastPosition[player.UserId] = root.Position
	if last and (root.Position - last).Magnitude > TELEPORT_DISTANCE_THRESHOLD then
		return false, "SuspiciousTeleport"
	end

	return true
end

return ExploitGuard

Reusable tweened open/close controller for UI panels — debounced input and animation-state tracking so a menu can never get stuck half-open.

-- MenuController.lua
-- Reusable UI controller — tweened open/close, debounced input, and
-- automatic cleanup so panels never get stuck mid-animation.

local TweenService = game:GetService("TweenService")

local MenuController = {}
MenuController.__index = MenuController

local OPEN_TWEEN_INFO = TweenInfo.new(0.28, Enum.EasingStyle.Quint, Enum.EasingDirection.Out)
local CLOSE_TWEEN_INFO = TweenInfo.new(0.18, Enum.EasingStyle.Quint, Enum.EasingDirection.In)
local DEBOUNCE_SECONDS = 0.3

function MenuController.new(frame)
	local self = setmetatable({}, MenuController)
	self.frame = frame
	self.isOpen = false
	self.isAnimating = false
	self.lastToggle = 0

	self.frame.Visible = false
	self.frame.Position = self.frame.Position + UDim2.new(0, 0, 0.05, 0)
	self.frame.BackgroundTransparency = 1

	return self
end

function MenuController:Open()
	if self.isOpen or self.isAnimating then
		return
	end
	self.isAnimating = true
	self.isOpen = true
	self.frame.Visible = true

	local targetPosition = self.frame.Position - UDim2.new(0, 0, 0.05, 0)
	local tween = TweenService:Create(self.frame, OPEN_TWEEN_INFO, {
		Position = targetPosition,
		BackgroundTransparency = 0,
	})

	tween.Completed:Once(function()
		self.isAnimating = false
	end)
	tween:Play()
end

function MenuController:Close()
	if not self.isOpen or self.isAnimating then
		return
	end
	self.isAnimating = true
	self.isOpen = false

	local tween = TweenService:Create(self.frame, CLOSE_TWEEN_INFO, {
		Position = self.frame.Position + UDim2.new(0, 0, 0.05, 0),
		BackgroundTransparency = 1,
	})

	tween.Completed:Once(function()
		self.frame.Visible = false
		self.isAnimating = false
	end)
	tween:Play()
end

function MenuController:Toggle()
	local now = os.clock()
	if (now - self.lastToggle) < DEBOUNCE_SECONDS then
		return -- ignore rapid double-clicks / spam taps
	end
	self.lastToggle = now

	if self.isOpen then
		self:Close()
	else
		self:Open()
	end
end

return MenuController